After getting into a discussion with the PR and Management departments here I found myself knee deep in a topic I thought was left far behind in my misspent beer drinking past. Having become a craft brewer and pursuing the finer points in the process of creating and tasting premium quality lagers and ales, I was slapped directly in the face with a brown paper sack full of that ungodly creation malt liquor. That’s at least what I thought at first pass when this whole discussion started, and then the curiosity monster took hold.
Usually when I hear someone say malt liquor I think of a family of beer sold only to people who have zero respect for their surroundings and the people they might be seen with. This stems from the idea that malt liquor is:
- Cheep
- Incredibly intoxicating
Notice the cheep part comes first. Malt Liquor was created in the mid to late 30’s in an attempt to do more with less. Times were tough in America, so tough in fact the government in a mind boggling change of pace admitted that it was wrong to deny the common law abiding citizen a drink and repealed prohibition. Now comes the new problem of satisfying the huge demand for the legal, good stuff again. Farmers were not in the best of shape at the time, so finding a steady supply of fermenting grain was a challenge. The mission was to provide a quality beverage with superior “kick” to ensure the customer was getting full value for his hard earned money without a steady supply of raw ingredients.
The Daddy of the Big Four – Oh
Clarence “Click” Loerber is credited as the father of malt liquor and solving this brewing conundrum. His creation Clix is considered to be the first legally distributed malt liquor to the masses and was born in 1937. Its success was limited as a lot of things were between “The Great Depression” and post WWII recovery. It did however prove that a market existed for a beer of its type. Why it was called malt liquor is somewhat of a mystery though, as most any beer can legally be defined as malt liquor depending on the whims of the politicians at the time. It’s my guess that Malt Liquor sounded more sophisticated and would be used as a marketing ploy to distinguish the high gravity stuff from the regular session beer that was to be had. This backfired horribly as you will soon see.
The Devil and his Due
Malt Liquors were a new twist in the world of American beer and needed to build a dependable base if they were to gain ground in the industry. Being of less quality to produce and bragging about the contents of the beer could be a problem as was the fact that federal law prohibited the labeling of malt beverages with any indication of their potency (ABV) at the time. These problems and others bring us to the “Country Club”.
Made by Goetz the malt liquor was targeted directly to the middle and upper class American white male that might be found with his clubs on the back nine and a little extra money in his pocket from a hard day of hustling his buddy’s on the golf course. This launched quite a few follow up brands each equally targeted to a particular demographic. As different as these names were the one constant remained that malt liquor was being used as a marketing tool to appeal to individual groups and classes of people. This is one of the first major examples of “Market Segmentation” in brewing.
The follow up to Country Club was Colt .45 another high gravity lager that avoided the direct approach to segmentation and decided to push the legal limits a bit. The original artwork for the package was dangerously close to being in violation of the afore mentioned statue but the ATF gave them a green light anyway. The kicking colt and tribute to one of the finest calibers of firearms was born. Still to this day it remains among the best selling malt liquors. By not trying to appeal to any one market segment and sticking more to the content of the product, Colt .45 created an enduring brand that could be openly sold to anyone without those strange questions being asked.
Civil Rights and Malt Liquor
During the civil rights movements in the 50’s and 60’s a new demographic became available to target. Here the lines between culture, demographics, and marketing become a little hazy. According to printed statistics at the time, African Americans consumed more malt liquor than any other malted beverages. This of course was hardly scientific data but regardless, the campaign to win the hearts and minds of African Americans with malt liquor was underway. From the 1960’s forward advertisers and brewers of American beer saw African Americans as the primary consumer of malt liquor and the most profitable segment to advertise to. This lead to all the eggs going into one basket and the clear statement that malt liquor was being sold and advertised along racial lines. This association with racial politics is likely the pink elephant in the room that has stepped on the back of anything called malt liquor in America and can be directly linked to its targeted advertising strategy.
The Way Forward
Having become a tool of advertising and being placed in the front lines of racial politics the prospects for malt liquor looked dim but, sales were on the up and up. This rise in profits fueled the expansion of the advertising machine and more African Americans were seen in print and television ads with a can of malt liquor in their hands. Targeted marketing again proved to be a moderate success among consumers and gave malt liquor a new home. Over time the machine that was created around malt liquor began to produce strange and somewhat crude products with the potential negative effects being obvious. Advertising for malt liquor began to slide toward the more sexual side and its innuendo’s became more audacious and objectifying.
Not all of the ads were of questionable character, but the majority of the time malt liquor was being shown as the drink of choice to help men (and mostly African American men) achieve easier sexual conquests and portrayed women as simple objects of a malt liquor fueled mans desire. Need I say more about the dangers of bad and irresponsible advertising?
Anheuser-Busch (now INbev) attempted to enter the ecosystem that was becoming malt liquor with their products including Budweiser Malt Liquor, King Cobra, and finally Hurricane. After failing with their namesake, the advertising created by the largest and most successful brewery in history fell right in line with the demeaning and objectifying content created by older players in the game. Hurricane even landed the company in a political free for all with the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the BATF. This failure by AB to muscle into the world of malt liquor is the defining point in the chaos that Click’s creation had fallen into.
The Warm Backwash at the Bottom
Malt liquor is the product of a good idea being exploited to the lowest common denominator. At its conception the need for an inexpensive high gravity lager was clear. Its creation was a stroke of genius and utter folly at the same time. With a questionable ingredient list and brewing process, followed by a distinctive namesake and restricted marketing environment the current condition of malt liquor is not that surprising when rationalized 70 years later. Had malt liquor not have been stained by a history of irresponsible advertising and questionable brand names, there is a possibility that it might have evolved into a mature and worthwhile beer you could enjoy in a local pub anywhere, or maybe even with your Big Mac combo (Dream on). Unfortunately it now appears to be a dying brand and likely will not be seen in the next century.
Already two major craft brewers have tried to bring this American creation back to life with premium recounts of the old recipe. I have yet to try either but the ingredients for Rogue’s “Dad’s Little Helper” can be found here and would be a good start for anyone wanting to resurrect a fallen part of American culture. Dogfish has also created a more exclusive version called “Liquor De Malt” complete with brown paper sack and official company stamp. Both have received solid reviews from critics and hopefully will be first in a new line of American high gravity lagers with a tilt toward the premium side of things.
Salute to the fallen and Cheers!
malt@aleraisers.com
Source: Kihm Winship 2005 http://home.earthlink.net/~ggghostie/maltliquor.html